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Hiotographic 

Sciences 

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33  WEST  MAIN  SliiEET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
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Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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Coloured  covers/ 
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Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
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II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
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n 
n 

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Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restauries  et/ou  peilicul6es 

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The  copy  filmed  here  hat  been  reproduced  thanks 
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BIbliothAque  nationale  du  Qu6bec 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
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beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  Ail 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
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whichever  applies. 


L'exemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  grflce  A  la 
gAnirositA  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Quebec 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  At6  reproduites  avec  le 
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de  la  nettet*  de  l'exemplaire  film«,  et  en 
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dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
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premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
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THE  CAPTURE  OF 
FORT    DUQUESNE 


/• 


An   Historical   Discourse 


■h. 


before   The   Society    of    Colonial  Wars 
in  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania 


Delivered  in  Christ  Church,  Philadelrlna,  on  the  One 
Hundred  and  Fortieth  Anniversary  of  the  Capture  of  the  Fort, 
Sunday,  November  Twenty-seventh,  1898,  upon  the  occasion  of 
the  Unveiling  of  a  Memorial  Tablet  of  Brigadier-General 
John  Forbes,  Commander  of  His  Majesty's  troops  in  the 
Southern  Provindcs^.  bf.  .'North'  AnaeriQaj.', '.'"'.;    ■  •"  * 


•  •  • 
•  >  I    1 1  • 


•  • t     ••  • 
•  ••  •  ••.  • 


••    ••« 

•  •    •  •* 

•  •  •  •  • 


•  .•.•.. 


•  •  •  •  • 


By  the 


Right  Reverend  Cortlandt  Whitehead,  S.  T.  D. 

Bishop  of  Pittsburgh 


m 


P97I.032 
W  587  G 


I 


PiblioUjf  nuei^ationalf  bu  (Quebec 


«••    •*  •      ••••  ••     ••  »        - 


Authorities   Consulted 

Magazine  of  American  History. 

Pennsylvania  Magazine. 

Olden  Time.     (Craik.) 

Frontier  Forts  of  Pennsylvania. 

Fort  Pitt  and  Letters  from  the  Frontier.     (Darlington.) 

History  of  Braddock's  Expedition.     (Sargent.) 

Pennsylvania,  Colony  and  Commonwealth.     (Fisher.) 

Our  Western  Border.     (McKnight.) 

History  of  the  Backwoods.     (Patterson. ) 

Montcalm  and  Wolfe.     (Parkman.) 

Pennsylvania  Colonial  Records. 

Pennsylvania  Archives. 

History  of  Pittsburg.     (Craig.) 

Gist's  Journals. 

Captain  Jack  the  Scout.     (McKnight.) 

Braddock.     (J.  R.  Meesick.) 

Manuscripts.     Pennsylvania  Historical  Society. 


62350 


I^'t  iiii  now  praise  famous  men, 
and  our  fathers  that  begat  us.  The  Lord 
hath  wrought  great  glory  by  them 
through  His  great  power  at  the  begin- 
ning. "'  '"  All  these  were  honored  in 
their  generations,  and  were  the  glory 
of  their  times.  There  be  of  them  that 
have  left  a  name  behind  them  that  their 
praises  might  be  reported.  "'  "'  ''  Their 
bodies  are  buried  in  peace,  but  their 
names  Hveth  forevermore.  The  people 
will  tell  of  their  wisdom,  and  the  con- 
gregation will  show  forth  their  praise. 
Ecclesiasticus  xliv,  i,  2,  7,  8,  14,  i  5. 


THE  proposition  was  not  long  ago  advanced  and 
enlarged  upon   in  a  monthly  journal  of  this  city, 
that   the   people  of    Pennsylvania   do    not  deal 
gratefully  with  their  public  men  in  life,  and  have  not 
done   their  duty    towards   their  memories    in   death. 
Doubtless  many  of  you  have  read  the  argument.     It 
is  asserted  that  there  is  lack  of  unity  and  homogeneity 
among  this  people,  a  natural  result  of  its  early  history. 
Different    nationalities,   with   different   religions,   and 
with  diverse  interests  at  the  beginning  and  all  along 
the  way,  rendered  this   portion  of  the  United  States 
far  different  from  such  a  Commonwealth,  for  instance, 
as    Massachusetts,    where   the   settlers   were  of  one 
blood  and  tradition,  professing  in  the  main  one  creed. 
The    Quakers,  the   Welsh   and   Church  of  England 
people,  in  and  about  Philadelphia  ;  Connecticut  people, 
who  later  on  setded  at  the  north  ;  the  Germans  at  the 
south,   who   formed  historically  an   influential  and  in 
some  localities  an  overwhelming  element ;  the  Scotch- 
Irish  beyond  the  Alleghenies — these  have   made  up 
this  Commonwealth,  a  composite  whole,  with  divisive 
rather  than  unifying  interests.  The  results  are  various, 
but  especially  (as  one  of  your  own  fellow-citizens  has 
sought   to  prove)  does   this  diversity  appear  in  the 
neglect  of  our  public  men.     He  avers  that  there  is  a 
disposition  not  to  be  proud  for  the  State's  sake,  when 
one  of  her  sons  has  achieved  success  or  renown,  and 
that  "woe  to  the  man  of  distinct  opinion,"  is  an  excla- 
mation which   the   conduct  of   Pennsylvania  has  for 
many  generations  made  familiar. 


The  words  of  Horace  Binney  are  cited,  "That 
Pennsylvania  is  more  indifferent  to  her  own  sons  than 
to  strangers  "  ;  and  tbo  assertion  of  Judge  Porter,  "A 
disposition  has  prevailed  in  Pennsylvania  to  overthrow 
rather  than  to  sustain  men  of  distinguished  ability." 
Every  citizen  of  this  great  State  may  well  be  filled 
with  amazement  when  he  learns  that  no  Pennsylvanian 
has  ever  written  the  biography  of  William  Penn.  A 
Virginian,  a  Frenchman,  a  Massachusetts  man,  and 
three  English  writers  have  thought  his  life  and  memory 
worth  recounting.  Pennsylvanians  have  been  content 
with  pamphlets,  essays  and  speeches.  Moreover,  no 
Pennsylvanian,  it  is  asserted,  until  within  a  very  recent 
period,  has  ever  written  a  biography  of  Benjamin 
Franklin.  The  best  editions  of  his  works  are  from 
Massachusetts  and  New  York  ;  his  best  biographers 
heretofore,  New  Yorkers. 

The  names  of  Robert  Morris  and  John  Dick- 
enson and  General  Wayne  appear  in  a  list  given  by 
our  author,  of  those  who  for  a  century  were  neglected 
by  their  fellow-ciiizens ;  and  the  further  names  of 
Mifflin,  Armstrong,  Clymer,  Thompson,  Gallatin  and 
others,  who  still  await  biographers,  men  conspicuous 
before  the  whole  continent  in  their  day,  who  now  stand 
a  chance  of  being  well-nigh  forgotten.* 

It  may  be  that  in  common  with  all  our  fellow- 
cifizens  in  these  United  States  we  are  too  busily  occu- 
pied in  making  history  to  be  careful  in  recording  it.f 

All  this  we  should  recall  to  memory,  because  as 
citizens  of  this  Keystone  State,  we  cannot  resent 
rebuke  from  friendly  lips,  but  dispose  ourselves  the 
rather  to  repeat  the  Psalmist's  words,   "  Let  the  right- 

*  Vide  Lippincote' s  Magazine  for  July,  1896,  •♦  Pennsylvania  and  her  Public 
Men,"  by  Sidney  G.  Fisher. 

t  Vide  The  American  Historical  Revidv  for  October,  189S,  "  The  Historical 
Opportunity  in  America,"  by  Prof.  A.  B.  Hart. 

8 


eous  smite  me  friendly  and  reprove  me,  but  let  not 
their  precious  balms  break  my  head."  How  shall  we 
amend,  if  there  be  not  brought  distinctly  before  our 
eyes,  those  common  faults  which,  because  they  are 
shared  by  many,  are  not  easily  recognized  as  calling 
for  individual  amendment  and  action  ?  How  shall  we 
repent,  unless  the  full  measure  of  our  sins  of  omis- 
sion, as  of  commission,  be  brought  evidently  to  our 
consciousness  ?  It  is  quite  manifest  that  this  Honor- 
able Society  to  which  it  is  our  privilege  to  belong,  and 
in  whose  behalf  we  assemble  on  this  occasion,  is 
designed  to  guard  against  this  forgetfulness  and  to  over- 
come the  indifference  of  which  we  have  been  speaking. 
This  Society  was  organized  because  **  it  was  desirable 
that  there  should  be  adequate  commemorations  of 
events  of  Colonial  History."  It  has  been  "  instituted 
to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  those  events,  and  of  the 
men,  who  in  military,  naval  and  civil  positions  of  high 
trust  and  responsibility,  assisted  in  the  establishment, 
defence  and  preservation  of  the  American  Colonies, 
and  were  in  truth  the  founders  of  this  nation.  With 
this  end  in  view,  it  seeks  to  collect  and  preserve 
manuscripts,  rolls,  relics  and  records  ;  to  provide  suit- 
able commemorations  or  memorials  relating  to  the 
American  Colonial  Period,  and  to  inspire  in  its  mem- 
bers, the  fraternal  and  patriotic  spirit  of  their  fore- 
fathers, and  in  the  community  respect  and  reverence 
for  those  whose  public  services  made  our  freedom  and 
unity  possible." 

Therefore,  just  in  proportion  as  we  of  this  Honor- 
able Society  carry  on  towards  perfection,  and  with 
true  patriotic  spirit,  the  purposes  for  which  this 
organization  was  made,  shall  we  remove  more  and 
more  whatever  of  censure  may  be  justly  imputed  to 
the  citizens  of  this  Commonwealth,    for   ingratitude 


toward  the  heroes  of  the  past,  or  the  truly  great  and 
noble  of  the  present. 

Strictly  in  line  with  this  purpose  is  our  com- 
memoration to-day.  General  Forbes,  of  whom  I  am 
to  speak,  was  not  one  whose  deeds  are  recorded  in 
tomes  and  folios  ;  nor  was  the  event  with  which  his 
name  is  most  prominently  connected  of  such  a  char- 
acter as  to  catch  the  eye  of  the  seeker  for  startling  and 
exciting  historical  occurrences.  General  Braddock  is 
well  known  to  all,  because  of  his  direful  defeat. 
General  Forbes  is  not  widely,  or  at  least  popularly 
known,  because  his,  although  a  great,  was  nevertheless 
a  bloodless  and  combatless  achievement.  But  we 
whose  duty  it  is  to  rescue  the  memories  of  the  Colonial 
Heroes  from  the  obscurity  of  time,  and  set  their  lives 
and  characters,  and  their  very  faces,  if  possible,  before 
the  eyes  of  their  fellow-citizens,  are  well  agreed  that 
there  are  not  wanting  many  qualities  in  General 
Forbes's  character,  and  many  grand  results  of  his  fidelity 
and  courage,  which  entitle  him  to  high  place  on  the 
list  of  those  whom  Pennsylvania  delights  to  honor. 
In  telling  the  story  familiar  no  doubt  to  many  present, 
I  can  set  down  nothing  of  my  own,  but  simply  collate 
what  others  have  written,  items  of  information,  which 
after  all  are  not  very  numerous. 

The  year  1757  was  the  beginning  of  a  new  era, 
as  we  all  know,  in  the  history  of  England  ;  for  that 
year  saw  the  reins  of  power  fall  into  the  hands  of 
"The  Great  Commoner,"  whose  biography,  it  is  usual 
to  say,  is  the  history  of  England,  so  thoroughly  was 
he  identified  with  the  grand  events  which  made  this 
period  one  of  the  most  glorious  in  the  annals  of  his 
country,  "It  is  scarcely  too  much  to  say  that  in  the 
general  opinion  of  his  contemporaries,  the  whole  glory 
of  this  year  was  due  to  his  signal  genius  ;  his  alone 


10 


was  the  mind  that  planned  and  his  the  spirit  that  ani- 
mated the  brilHant  achievements  of  the  British  arms 
in  all  the  four  quarters  of  the  globe,"  (Parkman, 
Montcalm  &  Wolfe,  Vol.  2,  p.  24.) 

Posterity,  however,  has  not  failed  to  recognize 
the  independent  genius  and  sterling  worth  of  those 
who  were  his  subordinates  or  allies  in  carrying  out  his 
purposes.  His  discernment  selected  IVol/c,  but 
Wolfe  would  have  been  a  hero  anywhere  when  called 
to  make  sacrifices  for  his  country.  Pitt  by  his  generous 
praise  in  Parliament  stimulated  Oivc  to  his  success  in 
India,  nevertheless  the  genius  of  Clive  would  have 
made  itself  manifest  wherever  duty  gave  opportunity. 
Pitt's  subsidy  to  Frederick  certainly  brought  the  Seven 
Years'  War  to  a  speedier  conclusion,  but  doubtless 
Frederick  even  without  this  aid  would  have  still  been 
Frederick  the  Great. 

Nevertheless  William  Pitt  is  not  unjustly  de- 
scribed as  the  "  Creator  of  Modern  England."  He 
had  a  genius  for  organization,  and  when  he  rose  to 
power  he  told  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  "I  am  sure 
that  I  can  save  this  country,  and  that  nobody  else 
can."  "England  hailed  with  one  acclaim  the 
undaunted  leader  who  asked  for  no  reward  but  the 
honor  of  serving  her.  The  hour  had  found  the  man. 
For  the  next  four  years  this  imposing  figure  towered 
supreme  in  British  history."  He  had,  indeed,  we  are 
told,  glaring  faults.  He  was  vain,  theatrical,  domineer- 
ing and  haughty,  nevertheless  he  had  undoubted 
talent  for  action  and  great  vigor  of  mind  ;  he  was  filled 
with  a  burning  enthusiasm,  possessed  of  an  over- 
whelming force  of  passion  and  intensity  of  will,  hurling 
in  debate  fiery  shafts  of  eloquence  ;  and  was,  more- 
over, too  great  for  faction  and  partisanship,  and  pre- 
eminently and   incorruptibly  patriotic.      The  people 


II 


trusted  him,  and  he  loved  the  people.  He  waked 
England  from  her  lethargy,  and  made  the  power  and 
glory  of  England  one  with  his  own.  He  started  out 
not  to  curb  France  in  America,  but  to  annihilate  her  ; 
to  crush  her  navy,  cripple  her  foreign  trade,  ruin  her 
in  India,  in  Africa,  and  wherever  else  east  or  west  she 
had  found  a  foothold,  to  gain  for  England  the  mastery 
of  the  seas,  to  open  to  her  the  highways  of  the  globe, 
and  to  make  her  supreme  in  commerce  and  coloniza- 
tion. 

Said  Frederick  of  Prussia,  "  England  has  long 
been  in  labor,  and  at  last  she  has  brought  forth  a 
man."  "Nobody  ever  entered  his  closet,"  said  Col. 
Barre,  **  who  did  not  come  out  of  it  a  braver  man." 
That  inspiration  was  felt  wherever  the  British  flag 
waved.  England  sprang  to  new  life  under  the  kindly 
influence  of  this  one  great  man,  universally  considered 
as  on  the  whole  the  most  powerful  minister  that  ever 
guided  the  foreign  policy  of  England. 

The  contentions  between  England  and  France 
had  been  as  follows  :  i.  King  William's  War,  between 
1689  and  1697  ;  2.  Queen  Anne's  War,  between  1700 
and  1713  ;  and  3.  King  George's  War,  1744  to  1748. 
In  these  the  colonists  in  New  England  and  New  York 
had  been  engaged.  But  with  1755  began  what  is 
called  4.  the  "Seven  Years'  War,"  in  which  southern 
colonists  also  were  to  be  engaged,  and  which  was  to 
put  at  rest  forever  the  question  of  who  should  own 
the  North  American  Continent.  (Fisher's  "  Pennsyl- 
vania, Colony  and  Commonwealth,"  p.  146.)  Disaster 
had  attended  the  British  Arms,  and  in  1757  the  cam- 
paign had  closed,  leaving  the  affairs  of  Great  Britain 
in  a  more  gloomy  condition  than  at  any  former  period 
of  the  unfortunate  and  disgraceful  war.  The  Marquis 
de  Montcalm  had  captured  Fort  William  Henry  on 


13 


Lake  George,  and  thus  the  French  had  complete  con- 
trol of  that  lake  and  Lake  Champlain  and  the  main 
passage  to  Canada.  By  the  destruction  of  Oswego, 
they  had  obtained  control  of  the  Great  Lakes,  and  by 
the  possession  of  Fort  Duquesne  they  maintained 
their  ascendency  over  the  western  Indians,  and  held 
control  of  all  the  country  west  of  the  Allegheny 
Mountains.  Lord  Chesterfield  is  quoted  as  saying  :* 
"Whoever  is  in  or  whoever  is  out,  I  am  sure  we  are 
undone,  both  at  home  and  abroad  ;  at  home  by  our 
increasing  debt  and  expense,  and  abroad  by  our  ill- 
luck  and  incapacity.  *  ^^  *  The  French  are  masters 
in  America  to  do  what  they  please.  We  are  no  longer 
a  nation,  I  never  yet  saw  so  dreadful  a  prospect." 

At  this  juncture  William  Pitt  put  his  firm  hand  on 
the  helm,  and  set  himself  to  the  task  of  settling,  as 
we  have  said,  the  question  of  sovereignty  in*  North 
America.  In  his  dealings  with  the  colonists,  he 
reversed  the  former  policy,  and  instead  of  making 
demands  and  exactions  upon  them,  he  announced  that 
he  would  send  troops  from  the  Mother  Country  to  act 
with  the  Provincials.  Earl  Londoun,  commander-in- 
chief  in  America,-|-  is  described  by  historians  as  ineffi- 
cient ;  devoid  of  genius,  civil  or  military  ;  mutable, 
indecisive,  impotent  against  the  enemy ;  "  like  S. 
George  on  a  sign,"  wrote  Franklin,  "  always  on  horse- 
back but  never  advancing."  Pitt  is  reported  to  have 
given  as  a  reason  for  superseding  him  early  in  1758, 
that  he  could  never  learn  what  Earl  Londoun  was 
doing.  General  Abercrombie  was  appointed  in  his 
place. 

-  Immediately  three  expeditions  were  planned 
against  the  enemy.  The  first  against  Louisbourg,  in 
Cape  Breton  Island,  where  the  French  were  debating 

*  Olden  Time,  Vol.  I,  p.  98. 

I  Graham's  History  N.  America:  Braddock,  by  J.  R.    Meesick,   pp.  382, 

383. 

13 


\ 


boundaries  with  the  English.  This  expedition  was 
commanded  by  General  Amherst,  and  was  eminently 
successful. 

The  second  expedition  was  directed  against 
Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point,  commanded  by  Gen- 
eral Abercrombie  himself,  who  was,  however,  routed 
after  a  bloody  conflict,  the  disgrace  of  which  was 
somewhat  relieved  by  the  destruction  of  Fort  Front- 
ignac  shortly  after. 

The  third  expedition  is  tliat  in  which  we  are  par- 
ticularly interested  to-day,  that  which  had  for  its 
purpose  the  capture  of  Fort  Duquesne.  The  conduct 
of  this  expedition  was  entrusted  to  General  John 
Forbes.  He  left  Philadelphia  about  the  middle  of 
September,  1758,  to  join  Colonel  Bouquet,  who  was  in 
command  of  the  regulars  awaiting  his  coming  since  July 
at  Raystown,  now  Bedford.  Bouquet,  who  was  a 
French  Swiss,  is  said  to  have  been  the  equal  of  General 
Forbes  in  much  that  constitutes  a  good  commander, 
a  most  accomplished  and  attractive  person.  To  his 
shrewdness  and  wariness  in  dealing  with  savages, 
much  of  the  success  of  the  expedition  is  to  be 
attributed. 

Dumas  (in  his  account  of  Bouquet's  expedition 
against  the  French,  published  in  Amsterdam,  1769), 
says  of  Bouquet  that  "  he  made  no  claim  to  the  good 
opinion  of  others,  neither  did  he  solicit  it.  All  were 
compelled  to  esteem  him."  And  although  Washing- 
ton wrote  on  September  first :  "  All  is  dwindled  into 
ease,  sloth  and  inactivity.  Nothing  but  a  miracle  can 
bring  this  campaign  to  a  happy  result,"  at  that  very 
time  Bouquet  was  exercising  his  troops  every  day  in 
the  woods  and  bushes  in  a  way  which  made  them, 
later  on,  more  able  to  meet  the  Indians  and  others  to 
great  advantage.* 

*  i'ennsylvania  Magazine,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  2.     See  also  appendix  A. 

14 


.{ 


?    . 


4 


There  were  many    delays   in   the    preparations 
necessary  to  be  made,  principally  in  obtaining  wagons 
and  horses,   as  Colonel   Bouquet's  letters  show.     In 
August  or  September,  Colonel  George  Washington, 
who  had  been  engaged  in  collecting  troops  from  Vir- 
ginia, North  Carolina  and  Maryland,  proceeded  to  the 
rendezvous,    followed    shordy    by    General    Forbes. 
Being  all  assembled,   heated  dispute  arose  amongst 
these  leaders  with  regard  to  the  route  to  be  followed 
in   the  campaign  against  Fort  Duquesne.      Colonel 
Washington,   who   had  traversed    the  country   twice 
before,   (1753  and  1754),   favored  the  road  which  had 
been    used    in    the  ill-starred  expedition   of  General 
Braddock  three  years  earlier  ;  a  road  at  least  familiar, 
and  ready  for  their  wagons,  but  leading  through  Mary- 
land and  Virginia  at  times,  and  rather  circuitous,  as  it 
seemed.     Washington's  reasons    for  his  opinion  are 
given  at  length  in  a  letter  written  at  Fort  Cumberland, 
August   2,    1758.     General  Bouquet,  on  the  contrary, 
favored  a  new  route,  laid  entirely  in  Pennsylvania,  and 
had  already,  on  August  23rd,  sent  Colonel  James  Burd 
forward  with  some  troops  and  wagons,  to  cut  a  road 
through  the  forest  to  Loyal  Hanna.      After  much  dis- 
cussion,  General  Forbes  adopted   this   latter    route, 
although  it  required  the   opening  of  more  than  one 
hundred   miles  of  new  road  through   the  wilderness 
between  Bedford  and  Fort  Duquesne.      A  lion  heart 
and  courage  unparalleled  must  have  been  his,  who  in 
physical  weakness  and  distress,   and  in  the  face  of  this 
great  undertaking,  through  the  wilderness,  and  more- 
over, with  the  enervating  memory  of  former  disasters  in 
this  same  region,  proceeded  to  carry  out  his  plans.*  No 


*  Olden  Time,  Vol.  I,  pp.   177-282.     "  Captain  Jack  the  Scout,"  by  Chai. 
McKnight,  pp.  463-465. 


15 


i  .  li 


wonder  that  "  Old  Forbes,"  as  he  was  familiarly  called, 
was  credited  with  obstinacy,  and  was  also  entitled 
among  the  soldiers,  "The  Head  of  Iron."  The  army 
under  General  Forbes  was  composed  of  twelve  hundred 
Highlanders,  three  hundred  and  fifty  Regulars,  twenty- 
seven  hundred  Pennsylvanians,  sixteen  hundred  Vir- 
ginians, and  others  from  Maryland  and  North  Caro- 
lina, and  a  body  of  Cherokee  Indians  ;  making  an 
army  of  about  six  thousand  men.  Slow  and  tedious 
was  the  journey,  described,  although  without  much 
detail,  in  letters  of  the  time.  On  October  14th  the 
main  army  advanced  from  Raystown  towards  Loyal 
Hanna,  arriving  about  November  ist.  On  November 
1 8th  further  advance  was  made,  covering  fifty  miles 
from  Loyal  Hanna  in  five  days,  stopping  at  New 
Camp,  twenty-two  miles  west  of  Loyal  Hanna,  on 
November  i8th,  and  arriving  on  November  24th, 
much  discouraged  and  fatigued,  at  a  point  on  Turtle 
Creek,  about  twelve  miles  from  Fort  Duquesne,  with 
the  intention,  as  it  seems,  of  entering  into  winter 
quarters,  and  awaiting  supplies  from  the  North  or 
from  the  East.  At  least,  warned  by  Braddock's  fate, 
Forbes  would  not  recklessly  advance.  But  news 
came  from  Indian  scouts  that  the  French  were  evi- 
dently making  preparations  to  depart,  and  heavy 
smoke  in  the  direction  of  the  fort,  and  a  dull  heavy 
explosion  told  of  extensive  conflagration  and  destruc- 
tion. So,  on  the  morning  of  November  25,  1758, 
General  Forbes  declaring  that  he  would  sleep  in  the 
fort  that  night,  the  army  hastily  advanced  from  their 
encampment,  the  Provincials  in  front  followed  by  the 
Highlanders,  and  marched  with  all  speed  to  the  point 
where  the  junction  of  the  Monongahela  and  Allegheny 
had  furnished  for  so  long  a  time  an  unquestionable 
vantage  in  the  control  of  the  Ohio.     During  this  day. 


16 


•  >>♦   » 

I'    •  • 


which  was  chilly  and  disagreeable,  and,  indeed,  during 
much  of  the  march,  General  Forbes's  disease  had 
increased  so  rapidly  that  he  had  to  be  carried  on  a 
litter.  This  the  Indians  had  remarked  and  derided. 
And  it  is  written  that  •'  to  counteract  unfavorable 
impression^  it  was  given  out  by  the  English  that  the 
iiritish  chief  had  a  temper  so  impetuous  and  irascible 
and  combative,  that  it  was  not  thought  safe  to  trust 
him  at  large  even  among  his  own  people,  but  that  the 
practice  was  to  lei  him  out  on  the  eve  of  battle  J» 

As  the  army  approached  the  fort  at  about  six  in 
the  evening,  they  came  to  a  number  of  stakes  on 
either  side  of  the  Indian  pathway,  on  each  of  which 
hung  the  head  and  kilt  of  a  Highlander,  killed  or 
taken  prisoner  at  Major  Grant's  defeat  on  September 
14th,  a  few  weeks  before.  We  cannot  be  surprised 
that  this  aroused  to  fury  the  "petticoat  warriors,"  as 
they  were  sneeringly  dubbed  by  their  antagonists  ; 
and  with  loud  and  bitter  cries  and  with  swords  drawn, 
they  rushed,  like  mad  boars  engaged  in  battle,  past 
the  Provincials,  who  led  the  column,  eager  to  wreak 
their  vengeance  upon  the  French.  Imagine  their  dis- 
appointment, when  coming  within  full  view  of  Fort 
Duquesne,  they  found  it  desolate,  ruined  and  aban- 
doned— everything  burned  or  blown  up,  fortifications, 
ovens,  houses,  magazines,  goods  of  every  sort.  The 
French  troops  had  escaped  on  rafts  and  boats  down 
the  Ohio  River. 

There  was  no  blow  struck  ;  there  were  no  lives 
lost  in  mortal  combat ;  and  yet  the  capture  of  Fort 
Duquesne  was  a  most  notable  event  in  the  history  of 
our  country,  worthy  of  commemo'*ation  through  all 
the  future  years. 

Of  this  event  Mr.  Bancroft  says,  "  Armstrong's 
own  hand  raised  the  British  flag  on  the  ruined  bastions 


17 


of  the  fortress,  as  the  banner  of  England  Hoatcd  over 
the  waters,  the  place  at  the  sugj^^estion  of  Forbes,  was 
with  one  voice  called  Pittsburgh.  America  raised  to 
Pitt's  name  statues  that  have  been  wrongfully  broken,* 
and  granite  piles  of  which  not  one  stone  remains  upon 
another ;  but  long  as  the  Monongahela  and  the 
Allegheny  shall  How  to  form  the  Ohio,  long  as  the 
English  tongue  shall  be  the  language  of  freedom  in 
the  boundless  valley  which  their  waters  traverse,  his 
name  shall  stand  inscribed  on  the  gateway  of  the 
West." 

That  very  night  as  it  would  seem,  November  25th, 
Colonel  Bouquet,  who,  as  Parkman  says,  "managed 
his  pen  as  well  as  he  wielded  his  arms,"  wrote  to  a  tair 
correspondent  in  Philadelphia,  (Miss  Anne  Willing)  as 
follows  : 

"  I  have  the  satisfaction  to  give  you  the  agreeable 
news  of  the  conquest  of  this  terrible  Fort.  The 
Fre.ich,  seized  with  a  panic  at  our  approach,  have 
destroyed  themselves  that  nest  of  Pirates  which  has  so 
long  harbored  the  murderers  and  destructors  of  our 
poor  people.  They  have  burned  and  destroyed  to  the 
ground  their  fortifications,  houses,  magazines,  and  left 
us  no  other  cover  than  the  heavens,  a  very  cold  one 
for  an  army  without  tents  and  equipages.  We  bear 
all  this  hardship  with  alacrity  by  the  consideration  of 
the  immense  advantage  of  this  important  acquisition. 
The  glory  of  our  success  must  after  God  be  allowed  to 
our  General  who  from  the  beginning  took  those  wise 
measures,  which  deprived  the  French  of  their  chief 
strength,  and  by  the  treaty  of  Easton  kept  such  a 
number  of  Indians  idle  during  the  whole  campaign, 
and  procured  a  peace  with  those  inveterate  enemies, 
more  necessary'  and  beneficial  to  the  safety  and  welfare 

*See  appendix  C. 


».) 


18 


».) 


of  the  I'rovinces  than  the  driving  the  French  from  the 
Ohio.  His  prudence  in  all  his  measures  in  the  num- 
berless tlifticulties  he  had  to  surmount,  deserves  the 
highest  praise.  I  h<)i>c  that  •,doriousa(.lvanta<;e  will  be 
improved  and  this  conquest  ptt  ^x'rly  supported  by 
speedy  and  vigorous  meajjure?*  of  the  Provinces  con- 
cerned. I  wish  sincerely  that  for  rheir  interest  and 
hapfjiness  they  may  agree  on  that  i)oint."'- 

i'he  twenty-sixth  was  observed  as  a  day  of  public 
thanksgiving  for  success,  and  Mr.  Bealty,  the  Chap- 
lain, was  a[)pointed  to  preach  a  thanksgiving  sermon. f 
The  connection  between  the  seaside  and  the  land 
beyond  the  mountains  was  established  forever.  A 
vast  territory  was  secured.  The  civilization  of  liberty, 
commerce  and  religion  was  henceforth  to  maintain 
undis|Hited  possession  of  the  Ohio. 
**  The  reasons  for  the  evacuation  of  Fort  Duquesnc, 
as  given  in  a  letter  of  George  Washington,  are  three  : 
the  weakness  of  the  French  in  the  failure  to  receive 
reinforcements  ;  the  want  of  provisions,  which  had 
likewise  failed  to  reach  them  ;  and  the  defection  of  the 
Indians,  who  had  been  treated  well  by  Forbes  and 
others  earlier  in  the  year,  and  who  had  begun  to  per- 
ceive a  sort  of  intuition  where  victory  would  eventu- 
ally lie.  And  he  sums  up  some  of  the  results  by 
saying  :  "  This  fortunate  and  indeed  unexpected  suc- 
cess of  our  arms  will  be  attended  with  happy  effects  ; 
the  Delawares  are  suing  for  peace,  and  I  doubt  not 
that  other  tribes  on  the  Ohio  will  follow  their  example. 
A  trade  free,  open  and  on  equitable  terms,  is  what 
they  seem  much  to  desire,  and  I  do  not  know  so 
effectual  a  way  of  rivetting  them  to  our  interests  as 
by  sending  out   goods  immediately  to  this  place  for 

*  Pennsylvania  Magazine.     Vol.  III.     No.  2,  p.  135. 
t  Haslet.     Olden  Time.     Vol.  I,  p.  185. 


T9 


this  purpose.  It  would,  at  the  same  time,  be  a  means 
cf  supplying  the  garrison  with  such  necessaries  as 
may  be  wanted.  And  I  think  that  other  colonies, 
which  are  as  greatly  interested  in  the  support  of  this 
place  as  Virginia,  should  neglect  no  means  in  their 
power  to  establish  and  maintain  a  strong  garrison 
here.  Our  business  without  this  precaution,  will  be 
but  half  finished,  while  on  the  other  hand,  we  shall 
attain  a  firm  and  lasting  peace  with  the  Indians,  if 
this  end  is  once  accomplished.  General  Forbes  is 
very  assiduous  in  getting  these  matters  settled  upon 
a  solid  basis,  and  has  great  merit  for  the  happy  issue 
to  which  he  has  brought  our  affairs,  infirm  and  worn 
as  he  is."-^' 

Colonel  Bouquet  wrote :  *'  After  God,  the  success 
of  this  expedition  is  entirely  due  to  the  General,  who 
by  bringing  about  the  treaty  with  the  Indians  at 
Easton,  has  struck  the  blow  which  has  knocked  the 
French  on  the  head.  In  temporizing  wisely  to  expect 
the  effects  of  that  treaty,  in  securing  all  his  posts  and 
giving  nothing  to  chance,  and  not  yielding  to  the 
urgent  instances  for  taking  Braddock's  Road,  which 
would  have  been  our  destruction — in  all  of  these 
measures,  I  say,  he  has  shown  the  greatest  prudence, 
firmness  and  ability.  Nobody  is  better  informed  of 
the  numberless  difficulties  he  had  to  surmount  than  I 
am,  who  had  an  opportunity  to  see  every  step  that 
was  taken  from  the  beginning,  and  every  obstruction 
that  was  thrown  in  the  way.  I  wish  the  nation  may 
be  as  sensible  of  his  services  as  he  really  deserves, 
and  give  him  the  only  reward  that  can  flatter  him,  the 
pleasure  of  seeing  them  pleased  and  satisfied. "f 

To  go  even  furtlier  back  than  General  Forbes 

*  Olden  Time.     Vol.  I,  p.  282. 
t Olden  Time.     Vol.  i,  pp.  182-4. 


k': 


20 


c.. 


himself,  we  may  well,  in  this  city  and  presence,  give 
praise  where  praise  is  due,  and  quote  from  Sargent's 
"Braddock's  Expedition"  [p.  93,  note],  these  appre- 
ciative words  :  **  It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  it  was 
to  the  presence  and  kind  words  of  the  Quakers  who 
first  set  on  foot  these  negotiations,  that  the  merit  of 
prevailing  upon  the  Indians  to  leave  unopposed 
General  Forbes's  route  to  Fort  Duquesne,  and  the 
consequent  fall  of  that  important  post,  are  justly 
due." 

Concerning  General  Forbes,  Parkman  writes: 
''If  his  achievement  was  not  brilliant,  its  solid  value 
was  above  price.  It  opened  the  great  West  to 
English  enterprise  ;  took  from  France  half  her  savage 
allies,  and  relieved  the  western  borders  from  the 
scourge  of  Indian  war.  From  southern  New  York 
to  North  Carolina  the  frontier  population  had  cause 
to  bless  the  memory  of  this  steadfast  and  all-enduring 
soldier.  So  ended  the  campaign  of  1758.  The  centre 
of  the  French  had  held  its  own  triumphantly  at  Ticon- 
derosra,  but  their  left  had  been  forced  back  by  the 
capture  ofLouisbourg,  and  their  right  by  that  of  Fort 
Duquesne,  while  their  entire  right  wing  had  been  well- 
nigh  cut  off  by  the  destruction  of  Fort  Frontignac. 
The  outlook  was  dark  ;  their  own  Indians  were  turning 
against  them."* 

William  Pitt  himself  wrote  under  date  of  January 
23,  1759,  as  follows:  "I  am  now  to  acquaint  you  that 
the  King  has  been  pleased  immediately  upon  receiving 
the  news  of  the  success  of  his  arms  on  the  River  Ohio, 
to  direct  the  Commander-in-Chief  of  his  Majesty's 
forces  in  North  Carolina,  and  General  Forbes,  to  lose  no 
time  in  concerting  the  properest  and  speediest  means 
for  completely  restoring,  if  possible,  the  ruined  Fort 

*  Montcalm  and  Wolfe,  Vol.  II.,  p.  371- 


21 


Duquesne  to  a  respectable  and  defensible  state,  or 
for  erecting  another  in  the  room  of  it,  of  sufficient 
strength  and  every  way  adequate  to  the  great  impor- 
tance of  the  several  objects  of  maintaining  his 
Majesty's  subjects  in  the  undisputed  possession  of  the 
Ohio,  of  effectually  cutting  off  all  trade  and  communi- 
cation this  way  between  Canada  and  the  West  and 
Southwest  Indians,  of  protecting  the  British  Colonists 
from  the  incursions  to  which  they  have  been  exposed 
since  the  French  built  the  above  Fort,  and  thereby 
made  them.selves  masters  of  the  navigation  of  the 
Ohio."=== 

Thus  did  General  Forbes  end  forever  the  attempt 
of  the  French  to  press  downward  from  Canada  into 
the  Mississippi  Valley  ;  and  the  possession  of  the  great 
West  by  the  Anglo-Saxon  race  was  forever  assured. 

To  return  to  our  narrative,  so  small  was  the  stock 
of  provisions  remaining  for  the  maintenance  of  the 
soldiers  that  they  could  not  think  of  pursuing  the 
French.  A  few  days  were  spent  in  treating  with  the 
Indians,  and  then  the  return  journey  began.  General 
Forbes,  emaciated  and  worn,  was  carried  on  his  litter 
to  Philadelphia,  where  he  arrived  January  17,  1759. 
Guns  were  fired  and  bells  were  rung  in  token  of  the 
people's  admiration  of  a  brave  and  victorious  soldier. 
But  sorely  afflicted  by  a  complication  of  disorders,  he  did 
not  long  survive  to  enjoy  the  gratitude  of  his  country- 
men. On  the  15th  of  March,  1759,  the  Philadelphia 
Gazette  has  notice  of  his  death  as  follows  :  "  On 
Sunday  last,  the  eleventh,  died  of  tedious  illness,  John 
Forbes,  Esq.,  in  the  forty-ninth  year  of  his  age,  son  to 

Forbes,  Esq.,  of  Pittencrief,  in  the  Shire  of  Fife 

in  Scotland  ;  Brigadier  General,  Colonel  of  1 7th. 
Regiment  of  Foot,  Commander  of  H.  M.  troops  in  the 

*  Olden  Time,  Vol.  I.,  p.  184. 


33 


t-y. 


Southern  Provinces  of  America  ;  a  gentleman  well 
known  and  esteemed  and  most  sincerely  and  universally 
regretted.  In  his  younger  days  he  was  bred  to  the 
profession  of  Physics,  but  early  ambitious  of  the  military 
character,  he  purchased  into  the  Regiment  of  Scot's 
Grey  Dragoons,  where  by  repeated  purchases  and 
faithful  services  he  arrived  to  the  rank  of  Lieutenant 
Colonel.  His  superior  abilities  soon  recommended 
him  to  the  protection  of  General  Campbell,  the  Earl  of 
Stair,  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  Lord  Ligonier,  and  other 
distinguished  characters  in  the  army,  with  some  of 
them  as  an  Aid,  with  the  rest  in  the  familiarity  of  a 
family  man.  During  the  last  war  he  had  the  honor  to 
be  employed  in  the  post  of  Quarter-master  General  in 
the  Army,  under  his  Royal  Highness,  the  Duke,  which 
he  discharged  with  accuracy,  dignity  and  dispatch. 
His  services  in  America  are  well-known.  By  a  steady 
pursuit  of  well-concerted  measures,  in  defiance  of 
disease  and  numberless  obstructions  he  brought  to  a 
happy  issue  a  most  extraordinary  campaign,  and 
made  a  willing  sacrifice  of  his  own  life  to  what  he 
valued  more,  the  interests  of  his  King  and  his  Country. 
As  a  man  he  was  just  and  without  prejudice  ;  brave 
without  ostentation  ;  uncommonly  warm  in  his  friend- 
ships and  incapable  of  flattery,  acquainted  with  the 
world  and  mankind,  he  was  well-bred,  but  absolutely 
impatient  of  formality  and  affectation.  As  an  officer 
he  was  quick  to  discern  useful  men  and  useful 
measures  ;  generally  seeing  both  at  first  view  accord- 
ing to  their  real  qualities  ;  steady  in  his  measures  and 
open  to  information  and  counsel ;  in  common  he  had 
dignity  without  superciliousness,  and  though  perfectly 
master  of  the  forms  never  hesitated  to  drop  them  when 
the  spirit  and  more  essential  part  of  the  service 
required  it." 


23 


A  few  hours  before  his  death,  he  avouched  with 
emphasis,  that  he  died  contented,  as  he  had  got  pos- 
session of  Fort  Duquesne,  and  made  the  accursed 
French  rascals  run  away. 

Bishop  White  is  quoted  as  saying  that  he  remem- 
bered as  a  boy  going  to  gaze  at  the  body  of  General 
Forbes  as  it  lay  in  solemn  state  in  the  city  of  Phila- 
delphia. On  the  14th  of  March,  1759,  attended  by 
military  honors,  as  befitted  his  rank  and  distinguished 
services,  he  was  laid  to  rest  in  the  chancel  of  Clirist 
Church,  where  we  are  assembled  to-day.  We  have 
come  this  morning,  on  this  one  hundred  and  fortieth 
anniversary  of  the  fall  of  Fort  Duquesne,  to  continue 
those  honors,  with  perhaps  even  better  appreciation 
of  the  man  and  his  worth  and  services  than  could 
have  been  possible  by  his  contemporaries.  We  hail 
him  as  the  leader  by  whom  God  established  for  this 
country  and  for  our  Anglo-Saxon  race  so  very  much 
of  good  which  only  later  years  have  made  manifest. 
We  revere  his  name  as  forever  associated  by  God's 
providence  with  the  onward  march  of  liberty  and  civi- 
lization in  this  western  land.  We  honor  him  for  his 
loyalty  to  his  flag,  for  his  endurance  of  pain  and  hard- 
ship, for  his  bravery  in  the  face  of  obstacles  natural, 
barbarous  and  inimical,  all  of  which  qualities  we  are 
the  better  able  to  understand  and  commend  because 
of  what  our  own  eyes  have  seen  and  all  the  American 
people  have  learned  anew  to  value,  in  the  conduct  of 
our  own  soldiers  and  sailors  during  the  exciting 
months  of  our  recent  war  with  Spain.  All  honor  to 
those  who,  whether  in  the  days  gone  by,  or  in  our 
own  present  experience  have  shown  us  how  true  are 
the  familiar  words,  "  Dulce  et  decofum  est  pro  patria 
morir 


24 


Well  may  we  sing  in  the  words  of  that  fine  hymn 
written  by  your  honored  Chaplain  for  this  occasion  : 

^"  When  the  souls  of  men  were  tried 

In  old  time  or  latest  day, 
They  who  for  our  land  have  died— 

Count  them  not  of  common  clay. 
God  of  battles,  in  Thy  keeping 
Guard  the  weary  soldier  sleeping. 

"  God  of  battles,  whom  we  trust, 

Keep  our  nation  from  its  night ; 
And  may  voices  from  the  dust 

Make  us  staunch  to  toil  for  right, 
God  of  battles,  in  Thy  keeping 
Guard  the  weary  soldier  sleeping." 

I  do  not  know  why  we  should  not,  in  our  repeated 
thanksgivings  for  the  "many  mercies  vouchsafed  this 
nation  and  people,"  have  in  memory  the  deliverances 
and  conquests  of  the  olden  time.  I  do  not  know 
why  we  should  not,  in  our  grateful  acknowledgments 
of  victories  recently  gained,  include  also  those  of  the 
Civil  War,  and  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  of  all 
the  struggles  in  the  history  of  our  country,  back  to 
the  perilous  days  at  the  beginning  on  which  such 
wondrous  issues  hung.  Nor  is  it  too  late  to  pray, 
that  we  of  this  later  day  "  may  have  such  a  sense  of 
these  great  mercies  as  may  engage  us  to  a  true  thank- 
fulness, such  as  may  appear  in  our  lives  (as  citizens 
and  as  men),  by  an  humble,  holy  and  obedient  walking 
before  God  all  our  days."  It  is  not  too  late  to  pray 
that  we  "  May  improve  these  great  mercies  to  God's 
great  glory,  the  advancement  of  His  Gospel,  the 
honor  of  our  country,  and,  as  much  as  in  us  lieth,  to 
the  good  of  all  mankind,"  and  this  surely  we  can  do 
by  exemplifying  the  grace  and  truth  which  ought  to 
come  in  that  civilization  which  acknowledges  as  its 
center  and  source  Jesus  Christ  our  Lord. 


25 


"Let  us  now  praise  famous  men,  and  our  fathers 
that  begat  us.  The  Lord  hath  wrought  glory  by  them 
through  His  great  power  at  the  beginning.  .  .  . 
All  these  were  honored  in  their  generations,  and  were 
the  glory  of  their  times.  There  be  of  them  that  have 
left  a  name  behind  them  that  that  their  praises  might 
be  reported.  .  .  .  Their  bodies  are  buried  in 
peace,  but  their  name  liveth  forever  more.  The 
people  will  tell  of  their  wisdom,  and  the  congregation 
will  show  forth  their  praise." 


APPENDIX  A. 

Colonel  Bouquet. 

Dumas  says  : 

Respected  by  the  soldiers,  in  credit  with  all  those 
who  had  a  share  in  the  internal  government  of  the 
Provinces,  universally  esteemed  and  loved,  he  had  but 
to  ask  and  he  obtained  all  that  it  was  possible  to  grant, 
because  it  was  believed  that  he  asked  nothing  but 
what  was  necessary  and  proper,  and  that  all  would  be 
faithfully  employed  for  the  services  of  the  King  and 

Provinces.  ••' 

This  gentleman  had  served  his  Majesty  all  the 
last  war  with  great  distinction.  He  was  promoted 
from  merit,  not  only  unenvied  but  with  the  approba- 
tion of  all  who  knew  him.  His  superior  judgment 
and  knowledge  of  military  matters,  his  experience  and 
abilities,  known  humanity  and  remarkable  politeness, 
and  constant  attention  to  the  civil  rights  of  His 
Majesty's  subjects,  rendered  him  an  honor  to  his 
country  and  a  loss  to  mankind. 

Bouquet  remained   in   Pennsylvania  until    1763. 

*  Pennsylvania  Journal,  October  24,  1765,  obituary  notice. 
^       ,  26 


Fouolit  the  Indians  at  Bushy  Run,  twenty  miles  from 
Fort  Pitt. 

In  1764  he  advanced  through  Ohio  to  forks  of 
River  Muskingum,  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  west 
of  Pittsburgh,  and  made  peace  with  the  Indians.   . 

On  March  3.  1765,  he  vvas  naturalized  by  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania.  Promoted  Brigadier 
General  P^'ebruary,  1765.  Bouquet  expected  to  be 
called  to  England,  but  he  was  ordered  to  Pensacola 
to  take  command  of  the  King's  forces  in  Southern 
Department  of  America.  He  arrived  at  this  most 
unhealthy  post  on  August  23,  1765,  the  deadliest 
season  of  the  year.  He  took  the  fever  and  on  Sep- 
tember 2d  was  dead. 

APPENDIX  B. 

Braddock's  road  is  supposed  to  have  been  origin- 
ally what  is  Nemacolin's  trail,  the  Indian  Chief  The 
Ohio  Company  opened  the  road  in  1753  as  far  as 
Will's  Creek,  near  Fort  Cumberland.  George  Wash- 
ington repaired  it  as  far  as  Gist's,  in  the  direction  of 
Connellsville  ;  and  in  1755,  it  was  widened  and  com- 
pleted to  within  six  miles  of  Fort  Duquesne,  by 
General  Braddock.  Washington  had  made  a  trip  by 
direction  of  Governor  Dinwiddle,  of  Virginia,  start- 
ing on  October  t^o,  1753,  through  the  western  wilds  to 
the  junction  of  the  Monongahela  and  Alleghen3^  and 
down  the  Ohio  to  Loofstown,  the  exact  location  of 
which  no  one  seems  to  be  able  to  determine.  Thence 
he  had  journeyed  to  Fort  Le  Boeuf,  now  Waterford, 
and  thence  back  again  to  Philadelphia,  arriving  in 
January,  1754.  Another  trip  he  made  reaching  Con- 
nellsville, April  20,  1754,  and  Great  Meadows,  May 
28th,  meeting  the  French  in  an  engagement  June  i  ith, 


27 


in  which  Jumonville  was  killed,  seeking  refuge  after- 
wards at  Fort  Necessity,  whence  he  retired  July  4th. 
Braddock's  expedition  in  the  spring  of  1755  met  with 
disaster  in  the  engagements  of  July  5th  and  9th,  and 
General  Braddock  died  on  July  13. 

The  arguments  for  opening  a  new  road  were  that 
the  safety  of  the  settlers  in  the  western  part  of  Penn- 
sylvania required  means  of  prompt  communication 
with  the  colonists  at  the  east,  a  spacious  military  road 
to  communicate  with  the  quarter  whence  were  to  be 
had  supplies  and  succor,  a  road  also  straight  and  com- 
paratively easy  for  emigrants.  Moreover,  Braddock's 
road  had  led  to  defeat,  and  it  seemed  as  if  a  new  road 
unconnected  with  unfortunate  memories,  would  be 
better  for  the  soldiers/'' 

What  is  called  "  Nemacolin's  Path"  was  a  great 
Indian  trail,  which  led  east  from  the  "  P'orks  of  the 
Ohio,"  through  southern  Pennsylvania.  At  the 
instance  of  the  Ohio  Company,  Nemacolin,  well-known 
Delaware,  who  resided  at  the  mouth  of  Dunlap's  Creek 
Fayette  County,  "blazed  "  the  forest  path  from  Wills' 
Creek  to  the  Ohio,  which  was  the  original  tracing  of 
that  great  highway  now  known  as  the  National  or 
Cumberland  road.  In  1753  it  was  well-marked  and 
cleared  of  bushes  and  fallen  timber,  so  as  to  make  it  a 
good  pack-horse  road.  "  Gist's  plantation  "  was  located 
on  this  road,  which  afterwards  became  Braddock's 
road  ;  but  as  Judge  Veech  forcibly  contends,  that  was 
a  misnomer  ;  it  should  have  been  called  Washington's 
road,  for  he  made  it  to  Gist's  ;  from  Gist's  to  Turtle 
Creek,  it  was  Braddock' s.f 

'•Olden  Time.     Vol.  I,  263-5. 
t  Captain  Jack  the  Scout,  p.  482. 


28 


APPENDIX  C. 


The  New  York  Herald  of  December  ii,  1898, 
has  the  following  concerning  these  statues : 

Over  the  shattered  and  decapitated  statue  of 
William  Pitt,  now  in  a  New  York  museum,  Professor 
Dicey,  of  Oxford  University,  proposes  that  the  ties 
between  this  country  and  England  be  more  closely 
bound.  The  eminent  professor  of  English  law,  in  the 
course  of  a  lecture  delivered  before  the  students  of 
Columbia  University,  paid  a  tribute  to  William  Pitt, 
afterward  Earl  of  Chatham.  He  eulogized  him  as 
England's  greatest  Prime  Minister,  and  then  reminded 
his  audience  of  the  debt  which  the  United  States 
owed  to  the  great  Premier.  William  Pitt  vigorously 
championed  the  cause  of  the  colonists  in  their  conten- 
tion that  taxation  without  representation  was  unjust, 
and  practically  caused  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act, 
which  was  especially  obnoxious  to  our  forebears. 

History  tells  that  upon  this  action,  in  1766,  bells 
were  rung  and  there  was  great  rejoicing.  In  the 
colonies  of  New  York  and  South  Carolina  it  was  pro- 
posed to  erect  statues  to  the  great  Premier.  Large 
popular  subscriptions  were  made,  and  the  order  for  the 
statues  was  given  to  one  Whilton,  a  British  sculptor. 
The  two  statues,  one  a  replica  of  the  other,  were 
brought  to  this  country  in  1769.  The  New  York 
statue  was  erected  at  the  northeast  corner  of  William 
and  Wall  Streets  in  1770. 

Then,  six  years  later,  came  the  American  Revolu- 
tion. The  leaden  statue  of  George  III.,  in  Bowling 
Green,  was  converted  into  hostile  pellets.  The  British 
took  charge  of  affairs  here  in  1776  and  remained  until 
1 783,  when  they  provided  New  York  with  a  day  for 


. .  . . 

•  ♦  •  •  .11 


»9: 


• . 


•  •    •  • . . 

....    . 

•  •  •     •  •  •    t   I 


feastin^i^  and  celebration,  which  has  always  been  relig- 
iously observed. 

While  they  were  here  soldiers  removed  the  head 
of  the  statue  of  William  Pitt.  Professor  Dicey  says  he 
is  certain  that  Messians  did  it.  The  head  was  seen 
several  years  afterward  in  the  Blue  Bell  Tavern,  up 
Kingsbridge  way,  where  it  looked  down  serenely  upon 
rosy  faced  persons  who  drank  ale  from  pewter  mugs 
and  smoked  long  clay  pipes. 

Members  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society  have 
been  hunting  for  that  head  in  the  last  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury, for  it  disappeared  from  the  Blue  Bell  Tavern. 

Professor  Dicey  proposes  that  the  American 
people  get  another  head  for  their  statue  of  W^illiam 
Pitt,  and  also  eive  him  arms  for  his  sides. 

The  old  statue  is  of  marble  and  of  heroic  size. 
The  head  and  neck  are  entirely  missing.  The  figure 
is  draped,  leaning  against  part  of  a  tree  trunk.  It  is  in 
the  possession  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society. 

To  effect  the  restoration  it  would  be  necessary  to 
send  the  artist  to  Charleston,  S.  C,  where  the  duplicate 
is  intact,  with  the  exception  of  the  left  arm.  The 
English  besieged  Charleston  in  1780,  and  William 
Pitt's  statue  had  a  narrow  escape.  The  head  of  the 
old  statue  in  the  South  is  perfect.  There  are  old 
prints  in  existence  which  would  show  the  trend  of  that 
missing  arm. 

Charleston  removed  her  Pitt  statue  to  one  of  her 
parks  a  few  years  ago. 


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